Media Report 2025.06.25
Donald Trump’s f-bomb is one missile that could sway Benjamin Netanyahu
ABC | Matthew Doran | 25 June 2025
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-06-25/trump-and-netanyahu-ceasefire-reaction-analysis/105456502
The world is rarely left wondering what Donald Trump thinks.
It might be confounded by the tone, but most of the time his unique turn of phrase expresses a blunt assessment of what’s happening in the world and who he likes or doesn’t like at any one time.
And so, in his first comments since the alleged ceasefire between Israel and Iran was announced, the US president let rip.
“You know what, we basically have two countries that have been fighting so long and so hard that they don’t know what the f*** they’re doing,” he told reporters at the White House.
“Do you understand that?”
Yes, Mr President. But more importantly, so did Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
Trump had, of course, said that he was “not happy” with both Israel and Iran in his commentary.
“Israel, as soon as we made the deal, they came out and they dropped the load of bombs the likes of which I’ve never seen before — the biggest load that we’ve seen,” he said.
“When I say, ‘OK, now you have 12 hours,’ you don’t go out in the first hour and just drop everything you have on them.
“So I’m not happy with them. I’m not happy with Iran either. But I’m really unhappy if Israel’s going out this morning, because the one rocket that didn’t land, that was shot, perhaps by mistake, that didn’t land.”
That sort of commentary isn’t going to anger the Iranian regime. It already sees the United States as one of its most staunch enemies.
The president’s most stinging criticism was aimed at his country’s closest Middle East ally, and it shows how the Trump-Netanyahu relationship is fraying.
And the prime minister was clearly listening.
His military’s fast and furious response to claims Iranian missiles had been detected and intercepted in northern Israel, hours after the ceasefire came into force, was to deploy fighter jets to the skies of Tehran for what Israel’s defence minister described as “intense strikes”.
Shortly after Trump’s spicy intervention, Netanyahu revealed what the mission had achieved.
“In response to Iran’s violations, the Air Force destroyed a radar installation near Tehran,” his office said in a statement.
“Pursuant to the conversation between President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu, Israel has refrained from additional attacks.
“In the conversation, President Trump expressed his great appreciation for Israel, which achieved all of its objectives for the war, as well as his confidence in the stability of the ceasefire.”
Due deference and fawning returned.
However, Donald Trump had a different way of describing what had just happened.
“ISRAEL is not going to attack Iran,” he posted on his Truth Social platform.
“All planes will turn around and head home, while doing a friendly ‘Plane Wave’ to Iran. Nobody will be hurt, the Ceasefire is in effect!
“Thank you for your attention to this matter!”
Belligerence and no breakthroughs
There’s been another f-word, uttered repeatedly in Washington and spread through the media to describe the White House’s views towards Israel.
Frustration.
For months, Netanyahu has been demanding Trump let him launch strikes on Iran’s nuclear program.
The US, instead, wanted to pursue negotiations with Tehran, aimed at curbing its nuclear ambitions.
The belligerence on show from Israel was also fuelling irritation with regards to the war in Gaza, and Israel’s negotiating tactics with Hamas.
While the Trump administration had loosened the leash on the Netanyahu government in how it conducted the war, that freedom was offered in demand for results — which had not started to appear.
The White House dispatched some of the president’s closest aides, including special envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff.
But there had been no breakthroughs.
Then, in May, Trump toured Arab nations across the Gulf. Saudi Arabia was the first stop — a country trying to be the major player, and one the Trump administration wants to see normalise ties with Israel as a step toward stabilising the entire region.
He also visited the United Arab Emirates and Qatar, the latter instrumental in trying to broker a deal to end the war in Gaza.
While in Qatar, he visited the US Air Force base which Iran tried to attack hours before the most recent ceasefire was announced.
A stopover in Israel was not on the itinerary.
When Trump returned to the White House in January, the first foreign leader to visit him was Netanyahu.
Trump had regularly boasted of being the “greatest president” for the United States, and had claimed without any real explanation that Hamas’s October 7 attacks on Israel would never have happened under his watch.
Such was the tone and tenor of their ties that Netanyahu presented Trump with a golden pager, invoking memories of Israel’s attacks on Hezbollah members using the communication devices that killed and maimed scores of people.
Last week, The New York Times reported Trump was disturbed by the gift.
Everyone will spin this as a win
Israel insists its decision to launch strikes against Iran was a “blue and white” operation — Israeli-led and executed.
US intelligence and weaponry, of course, played a part.
But the strikes highlighted the limitations of Israel’s arsenal. Attacking nuclear sites would only be so effective, without the US’s help.
And so, just over a week into the campaign, the US deployed B2 bombers to drop the largest bombs it had on the underground facilities.
Netanyahu, who had been beating the drum for destroying Iran’s nuclear capabilities for more than 30 years, had opened the door to achieving that.
But he needed Trump to wedge his foot in the opening, to ensure the opportunity wasn’t lost.
That’s another reason why the president’s response on the lawns of the White House is telling.
His frustrated f-bomb will fuel speculation the US was dragged into this and wanted an elegant exit — only for Israel to jeopardise that.
Israel, Iran and the United States are all going to spin the result as a win.
For Israel, it has flexed its military might and hit sites across Iran that have been on its wish list for years.
For Iran, it has managed to unsettle Israel’s population through unpredictable and deadly missile barrages in the heart of its communities, and has escaped with what it claims to be the working remnants of a nuclear program.
Remember, no-one knows where about 400 kilograms of Iranian-enriched uranium is.
And the United States and Donald Trump will present themselves as the peacemakers — knocking heads together to stop an all-out war.
It just required a public verbal barrage to make that point crystal clear and to make sure the impact was felt in the places where it mattered.
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Truce teeters
The Age (& SMH) / Reuters, AP | Michael Koziol | 25 June 2025
A US-brokered ceasefire between Israel and Iran hung in the balance last night, after Tel Aviv accused Tehran of firing more missiles less than three hours into the truce.
Israeli Defence Minister Israel Katz said yesterday evening (AEST) that Iran had violated the ceasefire and he had instructed the military to resume “the intense operations to attack Tehran and to destroy targets of the regime and terror infrastructure”. But Iranian state television quoted the armed forces general staff denying there had been any breach of the ceasefire.
Earlier in the day, US President Donald Trump had declared there would be a “complete and total ceasefire” between Iran and Israel that he suggested would last forever. His announcement came just hours after Iran launched missiles at an American air base in Qatar in retaliation for the US bombing of three Iranian nuclear sites at the weekend.
“On the assumption that everything works as it should, which it will, I would like to congratulate both countries, Israel and Iran,” Trump wrote on his Truth Social website, suggesting the conflict be named “THE 12 DAY WAR”.
There were initially mixed signs about the two parties’ commitment to a ceasefire, with deadly attacks from both sides continuing up until the 2pm (AEST) deadline.
At 10.46am, Iran’s Foreign Minister, Abbas Araghchi, had denied any agreement had been reached, but said Tehran’s at tacks would stop if Israel ended its strikes. Shortly afterwards, Iranian state television announced a ceasefire, with Araghchi posting on X at 11.03am that the Iranian military had fought “until the very last minute”.
Several hours later, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s office said it had also agreed to the ceasefire “in light of the achievement of the operation’s goals, and in full coordination with President Trump”.
Writing on Truth Social just after 3pm, Trump declared: “THE CEASEFIRE IS NOW IN EFFECT. PLEASE DO NOT VIOLATE IT!”
Earlier yesterday, Iran launched a fresh wave of missiles against Israel, killing four people in residential buildings in the city of Beersheba, while Iran reported nine people had died in an attack in its north.
Then, just hours into the truce, Israel said it had intercepted a new barrage of missiles.
in “Tehran will tremble,” Israel’s Finance Minister, Betzalel Smotrich, wrote on X after the missiles were reportedly launched. There was no immediate report of a renewed Israeli attack.
Iran’s Supreme National Security Council said its armed forces remained prepared to “decisively respond” to any further strikes.
When Trump announced the ceasefire, he appeared to suggest that Israel and Iran would have time to complete any missions that were under way, at which point the ceasefire would begin in a staged process. He said the war could have gone on for years and destroyed the entire Middle East, “but it didn’t, and never will”.
He told NBC News he believed the ceasefire was unlimited and would “go forever”, adding he did not think Israel and Iran “will ever be shooting at each other again”.
Reuters reported that Qatar Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani had secured Tehran’s agreement to the US ceasefire proposal during a call with Iranian officials held after the Iranian strikes on a US base in Qatar on Monday, citing an official briefed on the negotiations. The phone call came after Trump told Qatar’s emir that Israel had agreed to the truce and asked for Doha’s help persuading Tehran to also agree, the official said.
Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese welcomed Trump’s announced ceasefire. “We have consistently called for dialogue, diplomacy and de-escalation,” he said in a statement.
Trump’s announcement came after Iran attacked America’s Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar yesterday in retaliation for the US’s weekend strikes on three Iranian nuclear facilities. The airbase hosts the Qatari, US and UK air forces, and the forward headquarters of US Central Command in the region.
Trump described Iran’s missile attack as a “very weak response” that the US had anticipated, but thanked Iran for giving a warning, “which made it possible for no lives to be lost, and nobody to be injured”. He also said: “Perhaps Iran can now proceed to peace and harmony in the region, and I will enthusiastically encourage Israel to do the same.”
Trump gave the number of Iranian retaliatory missiles as 14, and said 13 were “knocked down”, with one other “set free” as it was not heading in a threatening direction. “Most importantly, they’ve gotten it all out of their ‘system’, and there will, hopefully, be no further HATE.”
Qatar, however, said Iran had fired 19 missiles at the US air base and hit with one, but caused no casualties. Qatar’s Defence Ministry earlier said its defence systems intercepted the attack.
Air travel was disrupted by the incident. Qantas was among the airlines forced to divert planes away from Qatari airspace, which was closed shortly before Iran’s missile attack.
In a statement, the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps said the attack was a response to “the blatant military aggression by the criminal regime of the United States”. It described the operation as “powerful and destructive”, and said Iran “will never leave any aggression against its territorial integrity, sovereignty or national security unanswered”.
Built on a flat stretch of desert about 30 kilometres south-west of Qatar’s capital, Doha, Al Ubdeid is one of the most significant American military assets in the region.
The sprawling facility hosts thousands of US service members and served as a major staging ground for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. At the height of both, it housed some 10,000 US troops, but that number dropped to about 8000 as of 2022. Trump visited the base during his trip to Qatar last month and spoke to troops.
Last week, ahead of the US strikes on Iran’s nuclear sites, many of the transport planes, fighter jets and drones typically
on Al Udeid’s tarmac dispersed. In a June 18 satellite photo taken by Planet Labs and ana lysed by the Associated Press, the airbase’s tarmac had emptied.
The US hit Iran’s nuclear as sets with 75 projectiles on the weekend, including 14 “bunker buster” bombs aimed at obliterating the country’s ability to develop nuclear weapons, though the full extent of the damage is still uncertain.
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Israel makes its message more pointed with attack on prison
The Age (& SMH) / Reuters, AP| Parisa Harfezi & Alexander Cornwell | 25 June 2025
An Australian academic who spent more than two years as a political prisoner in Iran says the Israeli missile strike on the notorious Evin Prison where she was held was a symbolic blow against Iran’s repressive regime, intended to send a message to Iranians about the weakness of their rulers.
Iranian state television shared black-and-white surveillance footage of the overnight strike at the prison, which is known for holding dual nationals and Westerners who are often used as bargaining chips in negotiations with the West.
“It was very affecting for me to see the footage of the strike on gates which I have passed through too many times to re member,” Kylie Moore-Gilbert told The Age.
“In my view this was a symbolic strike designed to send a message to the Iranian people about the regime’s weakness. Evin Prison is a hugely potent symbol of the regime’s repressive apparatus and destroying the prison gates might have been a not-so-subtle nudge for the people to rise up and reclaim their freedom.”
Now a specialist in Middle Eastern political science at Macquarie University, Moore Gilbert was arrested after at tending a conference in Qom in 2018 and imprisoned by the regime in an act of hostage diplomacy. She was held in solitary confinement and sentenced to 10 years in jail on trumped up charges of espionage but re turned to Australia as part of a prisoner swap in November 2020.
“I am very worried about the prisoners inside, particularly as word has begun to emerge of terrifying scenes, with crazy be haviour from guards, [of] prisoners refused medical treatment and families gathering in desperation outside.”
After the strike, social media posts contained descriptions of people being injured as guards raced to safety and of using force to strengthen security rather than aid injured inmates.
France’s Foreign Minister Jean-Noel Barrot accused Israel of putting two of its citizens in danger.
“The strike targeting Evin Prison in Tehran, put our citizens Cecile Kohler and Jacques Paris, who have been held for three years, in danger. It is un acceptable,” Barrot wrote on X. He requested immediate access for his diplomatic staff and said the French prisoners were not affected by the damage on site. “All strikes must stop now to open the way for negotiations and diplomacy.”
Israel made it clear that its strikes on the prison and other targets in Tehran were intended to hit the Iranian ruling apparatus broadly, along with its ability to sustain power.
“Viva la libertad!” Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Sa’ar wrote on X, accompanying footage of an explosion at a building with a sign identifying it as an entrance to Evin.
There were no immediate reports of casualties at the prison or significant damage, though the semi-official Tasnim news agency said there had been a power cut reported outside of Tehran after the Israeli strikes.
Iran’s IRIB state broadcaster released footage showing rescue workers combing the flattened wreckage of a building at the prison, carrying a wounded man on a stretcher. The Mizan news outlet of Iran’s judiciary said urgent action was being taken to protect the health and safety of inmates.
Iranian state television also aired footage it described as shot inside Evin, with prisoners under control.
However, the Washington based Abdorrahman Boroumand Centre for Human Rights in Iran expressed worry about the condition of prisoners. “Many families of current detainees have expressed deep concern about the safety and condition of their loved ones,” it said.
Moore-Gilbert said the welfare of the prisoners was the responsibility of the Iranian authorities. “Every single person who has ever passed under these gates, or has been forced to stand outside them to film the regime’s propaganda, will be staring in disbelief at these scenes.”
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Support for military action must follow law (1)
The Age | Letters (1) | 25 June 2025
Support for military action must follow law
The recent US airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities raise serious questions, not just about Iran’s objectives, but about how military force is authorised in a democracy. President Donald Trump’s decision to bypass Congress wasn’t only constitutionally shaky, but it also set a dangerous precedent for unchecked executive power.
Some have been quick to call any hesitation or push for diplomacy a sign of weakness. However, that’s a simplistic view of a complex issue. Australia’s decision to advocate for talks shows that we’re thinking things through and sticking to what is right while keeping our long-term interests in mind. Backing our allies doesn’t mean nodding along with every move they make. Our support should reflect our democratic values and respect for the rule of law. Bombs don’t build peace; working together through proper channels has a much better chance of achieving it.
Alistair McLellan, Yarrawonga
Rethink alliance
If only there were more Geoffrey Robertsons around to dispense incisive comment moulded by critical thinking (“Trump’s rap sheet is long, but this may be his worst crime”, 23/6). The crux of the issue, with regards to the US’ unprovoked bombing of another country, is entwined in the past efforts of United Nations members who, with honest intentions, strived to make the planet a safer, more secure place after the horrors of World War II. The UN has become hobbled by its own members. The fact that the Security Council has five permanent members of which two are actively engaged in “aggressor actions” against fellow UN members speaks for itself. That these five countries have veto powers is beyond comprehension, and makes a mockery of the United Nations concept. President Trump, egged on by Benjamin Netanyahu, obviously never thought it through when he mulled over the idea of bombing Iran’s alleged nuclear facilities. Australia has to tread carefully here and rethink its alliance with a potentially dangerous ally.
David Legat, South Morang
Iranian risks downplayed
In downplaying Iran’s threat to Israel, Geoffrey Robertson neither mentions the Iranian regime’s 46-year-long commitment to destroy the Jewish state, nor that due to Iran, for over 20 months Israel has been fighting a war on as many as seven fronts. (And it’s Israel who Iran primarily refers to as Little Satan, not the UK).
Robertson is just another Israel critic who not only at tempts to criminalise Israel’s right to self-defence, but who also condemns any other nation that assists Israel to this end. His likening of Saddam Hussein’s “mythical weapons of mass destruction” to Iran’s nuclear program is absurd, given the atomic watchdog’s explicit concerns about Iran’s large stockpile of near weapons grade uranium.
Geoff Feren, St Kilda East
Not all citizens
In an effort to reduce conflating toxic governments with innocent people can we all make a concerted effort to add “government” after talking about countries involved in current conflicts – Iran, Israel, Palestine, Russia, US – the list goes on. From talking to people from many of these countries in recent days, it strikes me that this distinction would make a difference to the racism experienced by citizens who did not ask to be led by dictators and zealots.
Sara McMillan, Frankston South
Slavish support
As more reports surface that the US bombing of Iran was against international law, our relationship with the US seems to be undergoing change, (“PM stance marks shift from past”, 24/6). Our PM has now endorsed the attack, saying nothing about the legality of the action Australia must consider. Do we uphold international law or are we slavishly committed to support the US, the AUKUS deal and the erratic actions of Donald Trump? We can’t have it both ways. For me, the law wins.
Lorel Thomas, Blackburn South
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Support for military action must follow law (2)
The Age | Letters (2) | 25 June 2025
Nuclear powers
Your correspondent seemingly sees no difference between the governments of Iran and Russia, and Israel and the US (Letters, 23/6), or why some can have nuclear weapons but Iran can’t. Israel’s Netanyahu is a democratically elected leader, like Trump, and has been fight ing wars started and forced on his country by Iran and its proxies. They are determined to de stroy the Jewish state, just as Russia is to destroy Ukraine. Neither the US nor Israel intend to destroy any state.
Iran’s regime, like Russia’s, is autocratic, oppresses its own people, and strives for regional hegemony. Iran does so by having its proxies destabilise and cause violence throughout the region. A nuclear-armed Iran would be a total disaster for any prospect of Middle East peace.
Unlike Israel, Iran is a signa tory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Agreement, which entitled it to international assistance in accessing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in exchange for refraining from developing nuclear weapons. It is clearly in breach of this agreement.
Mark Kessel, Caulfield North
History repeats
Talk of regime change has reminded Age correspondents of disasters in Iraq and Afghanistan. Surviving CIA patriots who pursued US strategic and business interests in places like Central America, Vietnam, the Congo, Brazil and Chile and many more – should probably be confined to their retirement communities.
Norman Huon, Port Melbourne
The last battle
Your correspondent quotes a familiar saying from Einstein about World War IV being fought with sticks and stones, which may have been true in his time. Nowadays, the power of nuclear weapons being far greater might well mean that there would be no WWIV. According to US Professor Jeffrey Sachs, a nuclear tit for tat – with our idiotic human tendency to escalate conflict would probably be over in two short hours, and us with it.
Perhaps Iran has wished to develop its own nuclear arsenal, given that its arch-enemy, Israel, has one – as a deterrent. Israel has had nuclear weapons since the 1960s in direct violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which it refused to sign. Under its own laws, the US is prohibited from providing aid to countries that have weapons of mass destruction in contravention of the NPT. Israel with its estimated 90 to 200 nuclear war heads has also refused inspection by the IAEA.
Annabel Russell, Bentota, Sri Lanka
Laws need rewriting
The strikes by Israel and the US on Iran are the last in the long series of recent attacks that occurred in the name of self-defence. Examples are the US-led intervention in Afghanistan (2001); the US-led intervention in Iraq (2003); Russia’s intervention in Georgia (2008); NATO’s intervention in Libya, that led to the fall of Gaddafi (2011); US Extra Territorial Actions against individuals such as Bin Laden and Abu Khatallah (2011/14); the US-led military operations against Islamic State (2014); US targeted assassination of Iranian general Soleimani (2020); Russia’s attack on Ukraine (2022); and the Israeli invasion of Gaza (2023). All have been branded self-defence (Article 51 UN Charter) by the perpetrating states because this is, in international law, the only permitted individual (that is, without Security Council authorisation) use of force. Reprisals with armed force are not lawful.
Prior to the UN Charter (1945), international law tolerated recourse to war, despite a failed attempt to outlaw it in 1928. It is perhaps the time to accept the reality and admi certain types of use of force as lawful, within clear parameters (e.g., reprisals proportional to the initial aggression).
Ciprian Radavoi, associate professor, School of Law and Justice, University of Southern Queensland
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War fallout
The Age | And Another Thing | 25 June 2025
A ceasefire – how easy was that? Perhaps the US could use the same approach to get Israel to stop killing innocent women and children in Gaza.
David Parker, Geelong West
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Wartime uplift
Sydney Morning Herald | Letters | 25 June 2025
Meanwhile, in Gaza, the daily killing of civilians doing nothing more sinister than desperately seeking food to feed themselves and families continues. Where is the worldwide condemnation?
Con Vaitsas, Ashbury
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Ceasefire may be fragile, but it is still a diplomatic win for Trump
The Australian | Greg Sheridan | 25 June 2025
If the Israel-Iran ceasefire holds, it will constitute a tremendous victory for Donald Trump and Benjamin Netanyahu, for the US and for Israel.
It would also constitute a barely conceded massive defeat for Iran and its supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
Iran would not be accepting a ceasefire if it were in a position to fight.
But its three biggest nuclear facilities lie in smoking ruins, half or more of its missiles are destroyed, both its military leadership and its scientific leadership are dead, and its air defences and much of its conventional military infrastructure have been destroyed or degraded.
That is far from the end of the story, or the end of the dangers. For in the Middle East, the story never ends, and dangers seldom take more than a short holiday.
There are a thousand perplexing uncertainties, just as there were before Israel began its military operation against Iran nearly two weeks ago.
We have, for a start, very little detail of the ceasefire.
Will the ceasefire hold? Iran was still launching missiles at Israel after the ceasefire had ostensibly begun. Ceasefires in the Middle East are often fragile. There was a ceasefire in place on October 7, 2023, when Hamas terrorists flooded into Israel and murdered 1200 innocent people.
There is not a scintilla of goodwill between Iran and Israel, so maintaining the ceasefire will be challenging.
At the time of writing, Iran appeared to have fired missiles at Israel after the ceasefire came into force and Israel was preparing to respond. As soon as the ceasefire began, it seems, Iran broke it.
Who can tell exactly what their motivation was?
Without remotely equating Israel and Iran, it’s fair to say there would be forces within both countries that would oppose a ceasefire, preferring to keep fighting.
Nonetheless, bringing about the ceasefire at all was a diplomatic triumph for Trump. I think he acted poorly and counter-productively over Ukraine but he seems to have achieved everything he wanted in Iran.
As Germany’s Chancellor Friedrich Merz said, speaking with a clarity the Australian government could well study and emulate, Israel’s strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities was “dirty work Israel is doing for all of us”.
Merz also said there could be no doubt that Iran was working towards acquiring nuclear weapons.
Given those undeniable realities, Trump and Netanyahu have advanced the cause of civilisation by destroying, or at least gravely damaging, the Iranian nuclear program. But what comes next is very confused.
Trump, backed up on the whole by his European partners in NATO, will want an agreement with Iran that involves an absolute commitment from Tehran not to enrich uranium at all, and to allow intrusive inspections that make such a commitment credible.
Even with all the missile strikes they have endured, it’s extremely unlikely the Iranian leadership would agree to such a deal. That’s been the problem all along.
We also still don’t know where the 400kg of uranium enriched to 60 per cent has ended up. It’s hard to believe the Israelis have no idea where it might be.
If they were certain it was destroyed, in the attack on Fordow or somewhere else, they probably would have told us.
One consequence of the close alliance between Trump and Netanyahu has been to strengthen the domestic position of both leaders, as happened in Trump’s first presidential term.
If Trump has pulled off the combination of a massive strike on Iran’s nuclear program, a short US military involvement – in fact the American B2 bombers spent only 25 minutes in Iranian air space – and thus no danger of a forever war, while reinforcing the credibility of American deterrence and helping Israel gravely weaken Iran’s regional influence, he will be a winner not only with his base but with other Americans as well.
Similarly, Netanyahu certainly has his pluses and minuses.
After the shocking intelligence, and to some extent operational, failure by the Israelis in failing to prevent the October 7 terror attacks, Netanyahu looked finished politically.
Since then, he has completely reordered the strategic relativities of the Middle East and greatly reduced the existential threat to Israel that Iran has long represented.
In the light of experience, it’s right to be sceptical of any good news in the Middle East.
But a ceasefire would be a good outcome, at least for now.
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PM must show leadership to strengthen alliance with US
The Australian | Letters | 25 June 2025
Amid the admiring and congratulatory analysis and reporting of the US strikes on Iran’s underground nuclear enrichment facilities is a sobering reminder of what – apart from the original Hamas attack and slaughter of civilians – was a driving force behind that region’s continuing escalation of violence, death and destruction, the return of all the hostages. This action would have quite likely ended the Israeli retaliation and begun the rebuilding of Gaza.
What now of those hostages – those who may be alive – still held deep within the fetid underground Hamas tunnels of Gaza? The focus of the world is on very different underground facilities and the potential global repercussions of their destruction.
Like a stone thrown into a pond, the 2023 Hamas attack has generated ripples that continue to extend, potentially engulfing all around and beyond in an apocalyptic deluge. Their havoc is impossible to predict or control. All are hostage to their rampage.
Deborah Morrison, Malvern East, Vic
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Trump’s ‘ceasefire’ call is no lasting victory for Israel
The Australian | Jonathan Spyer | 25 June 2025
If the tenuous ceasefire declared by Donald Trump after 12 days of fighting between Israel and Iran holds, then the dramatic events of the past few days will have failed to produce a fundamental change in the strategic situation in the Middle East.
Israel and the US have demonstrated their vast tactical superiority over the Iranians. Tehran had no adequate defence against Israeli air power and intelligence penetration.
Israel built and maintained an air corridor to Iran over the unguarded skies of Syria and Iraq. It then struck at a wide range of targets going far beyond sites related to the nuclear project.
Senior personnel from the various branches of Iran’s military, scientists, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps facilities, even Iran’s central prison were all within the range of Israel’s planes.
Iranian missiles on occasion penetrated Israeli air defences, causing significant damage to property and infrastructure. Tehran failed to achieve the mass civilian casualty event it was looking for. But when the smoke clears, it will be apparent that the Iranian regime and its various projects have survived – battered and diminished, certainly, but intact.
Much now will depend on continued Israeli and international willingness to maintain the pressure on the Iranian regime and to prevent it from rebuilding its capacities.
This is perhaps most crucially the case with regard to the nuclear program.
The location of Iran’s stockpiles of enriched uranium remains unaccounted for, according to a statement by International Atomic Energy Agency director general Rafael Grossi. Tehran claims to have moved uranium and equipment from the Fordow and Isfahan enrichment facilities before the US strike on Sunday.
If the ceasefire holds, the fighting will have concluded without any Iranian commitment regarding uranium or any new arrangements for inspection of nuclear facilities. The nuclear project, though heavily damaged and diminished, will have survived, as has the ambition to repair and continue it. Will Israel now retain the right and the diplomatic space to continue and take ongoing kinetic action against the program, and against Iranian efforts to restart it? Much will depend on the answer to this question.
Similarly, Tehran’s assets across the Middle East have been significantly weakened across the past 20 months of conflict but they have not been entirely eliminated.
Regarding the proxies, something fundamental became apparent across the past 20 months and conclusively clear in the past 12 days. Before the current conflict, the IRGC’s various proxies and clients were widely believed by Israeli and Western experts to constitute a fully crystallised, united alliance. Armed, trained and equipped by Tehran, it was believed that they were a military reserve, held in place to be activated at a moment of Iran’s choosing. It is now clear that this is not the case. Rather, in a manner familiar with ideological movements in other periods, it is evident that whatever their origins, each of the components of this alliance have developed their own interests.
These evidently play as important a role in their decision-making as do their alliance commitments.
This has been distinctly and notably apparent in recent days.
In Lebanon, the Hezbollah organisation, once the jewel in the crown of the IRGC’s proxy militias, is a shadow of its former self.
The mauling it received at the hands of Israel in the last quarter of 2024 means this group is unlikely to be mobilised by Iran. Reduced and under heavy pressure from other political forces now rising in Lebanon to stay out of the fighting, it made clear that its support for Iran would be verbal only.
In neighbouring Iraq, Tehran’s Shia militias remain largely intact.
The most significant and capable of these groups – Kataib Hezbollah, Asaib Ahl al-Haq, al-Nujaba and others like them – have advanced capacities in the field of drone and rocket warfare.
Yet they did not attempt in any meaningful way to intervene on Tehran’s part. These militias in their political iteration are a key component in the current Iraqi government of Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani.
But rather than turn the Iraqi state into a fully fledged tool or ally of Iran, this appears to have had the opposite effect: causing the militias to think about their own considerable political and economic assets and interests, and to choose not to risk them.
The Yemeni Houthis remain similarly intact and similarly failed to come out with guns blazing for their Iranian patrons during the past two weeks.
When considering the array of capacities still available to Iran, it is important also to note the presence of Iranian regime-supported cells in the West. Both the IRGC and the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security maintain extensive networks on Western soil, available for mobilisation at the appropriate time.
Across the past decade the Iranian regime has tried to assassinate opposition political activists resident in Denmark and The Netherlands, has assaulted and threatened opposition media in London, and has sought to blow up a rally of the opposition in Paris.
In 1994 Iran took revenge for Israel’s killing of a Lebanese Hezbollah leader by attacking a Jewish community centre in Buenos Aires, with the loss of 86 lives. This capability represents an important tool for Iranian policy. It also gives the lie to the claim that Iran represents an exclusively Israeli or exclusively Middle Eastern problem.
So the bottom line is that Iran emerges from the latest round of fighting with its capacities significantly reduced but with the regime still in existence and still determined to push ahead with its project for regional hegemony.
The nuclear, missile and proxy components of this strategy appear to be damaged but not destroyed.
What is key now will be the determination of Israel and its allies to continue to maintain Iran’s weakened state and to extend it.
Jonathan Spyer is a Jerusalem-based journalist and analyst on Middle East affairs.
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Trump gives world a lesson in peace through strength
Hostage release remains unfinished business in Middle East ceasefire
The Australian | Editorial | 25 June 2025
Donald Trump’s astounding achievement in brokering a “complete and total” ceasefire between Iran and Israel shows Ronald Reagan’s “peace through strength” mantra, when he successfully confronted the Soviet Union, is as relevant today as it was in the great nuclear-armed superpower stand-off of the 1980s. Assuming the US President’s ceasefire holds – and there were early signs that not everyone in Iran had got the message – it should demonstrate to faint hearts, including Anthony Albanese, Penny Wong and others across the world, that there are times when, perversely, escalation is the only way to achieve de-escalation in conflicts such as that of the past 12 days.
Apprehensions about Israel’s launch of its Operation Rising Lion bombardment of Iran on June 13 and then the US’s spectacular entry into the conflict on Sunday, with its massive attack on key Iranian nuclear sites, were understandable.
So were the nervous calls for de-escalation negotiations. But those calls were misplaced and meaningless. They showed a naive misunderstanding of Middle East realpolitik.
Mr Trump deserves global praise for his bold achievement. Despite a face-saving barrage from Tehran, a statement issued by the Israeli Prime Minister’s office said: “Israel has achieved all the objectives of Operation Rising Lion.” It thanked Mr Trump and the US “for their support in defence and for their role in removing the Iranian nuclear threat”.
Seldom has a ceasefire anywhere been cobbled together in less propitious circumstances. Even many of Mr Trump’s most senior officials reportedly were unaware of what had been going on as the President, following Monday’s “weak”
Iranian retaliatory attack on the big US Al Udeid military base in Qatar, seized the initiative by appealing to Qatari leaders for help in strongarming Iran into recognising the reality of looming defeat and agreeing to a ceasefire.
With much of Iran’s leadership killed or, like supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in hiding, it was not clear who could sanction the deal. In the end Iran claimed credit for the ceasefire, with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps claiming it had “imposed” the deal on Israel.
Precise details of the agreement remain uncertain. But if the deal does achieve an end to the fighting and leads to a form of peace between the two sides – something that seemed inconceivable only days ago – that would be an achievement of immense significance that would have far-reaching consequences for not only the Middle East but also the wider world. Both Vladimir Putin, in his monstrous killing spree in Ukraine, and Chinese leader Xi Jinping, as he contemplates invading Taiwan, have much to learn from the massive power mobilised and unleashed by the US in a matter of days that brought the ayatollahs to their knees.
After decades of Israelis being threatened with total annihilation and the slaughter of all Jews by Iran’s lunatic ayatollahs, the ceasefire is hopefully the start for Israel and more broadly the Middle East of what Mr Trump terms a new “golden age”. Peace through strength appears to have won a major victory. But it should not be forgotten that there remains a long way to go before the religious fanatics who have held Iran in an iron grip for 40 years are definitively defeated. It also must not be forgotten that the return of Israeli hostages held captive by the Hamas terrorists in Gaza remains unfinished business. It was the gruesome atrocities of October 7, 2023 that led to the position that Iran and the broader Middle East find themselves today. Having been exposed on the battlefield by the combined might of Israel and the US, Iran’s leaders must disavow their terrorist proxies and allow reconstruction efforts to begin to restore freedom, dignity and opportunity to the people their malevolent behaviour has impoverished and enslaved for decades.
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Don’s f-bomb as peace shatters
Daily Telegraph (Herald-Sun) | Vanessa Marsh & Sophie Elsworth | 25 June 2025
US President Donald Trump has launched a blistering attack on Israel and Iran for breaching a ceasefire, saying they “don’t know what the f… they are doing”.
Israel was last night planning to retaliate against Iran, claiming the rogue nation had fired missiles into northern Israel two hours after the ceasefire started.
Mr Trump, who had earlier claimed that the ceasefire would last “forever”, demanded Israel turn back jets which were en route to Iran. He also said he was angry that fighting had intensified in the lead-up to yesterday’s ceasefire deadline.
“I’m not happy with Israel, when I say ‘OK you have 12 hours’ you don’t go out in the first hour and just drop everything you have on them,” Mr Trump said. “I’m not happy with them, I’m not happy with Iran either.
“We basically have two countries that have been fighting so long and so hard that they don’t know what the f… they are doing.”
Mr Trump made the comments in a doorstop interview before he boarded a helicopter to head to a NATO meeting in the Netherlands.
Mr Trump had earlier hit out in a post on his social media feed, telling Israel: “Do not drop those bombs.”
Israel Defence Forces had been ordered to respond “forcefully” late yesterday Australian time after Iran fired missiles towards the north of the country.
“In light of the severe violation of the ceasefire carried out by the Iranian regime, we will respond with force,” chief of staff Eyal Zamir said in a statement.
The attacks came despite Mr Trump earlier in the day announcing a ceasefire between Iran and Israel, describing the conflict as the “12-Day War”.
He had described the ceasefire as unlimited and said it was “going to go forever”.
Israel had accepted the ceasefire after Iran had been stripped of its nuclear facilities that could have led it to develop an atomic bomb.
“In light of the achievement of the operation’s goals, and in full co-ordination with President Trump, Israel agreed to the President’s offer for a bilateral ceasefire,” an official statement from Israel said.
But Iran’s promises to stop attacking Israel if they ceased their bombing raids were hollow.
Just two hours after the agreement took hold, missile alert warnings were activated in northern Israel, urging locals to rush to bunkers and safe rooms.
However, Iranian state media claimed “no missiles were launched toward Israel after the ceasefire took effect”.
Earlier in the day, Tehran launched a wave of missiles at an American military installation in Qatar in retaliation for the US bombing of key Iranian uranium enrichment facilities two days earlier.
Mr Trump said 13 of the 14 missiles were shot down and one was not a threat. No injuries or damage at the Al-Udeid Air Base were reported.
“Iran has officially responded to our obliteration of their nuclear facilities with a very weak response, which we expected, and have very effectively countered,” Mr Trump said.
“Most importantly, they’ve gotten it all out of their ‘system’, and there will, hopefully, be no further hate.”
Qatar officials helped broker the deal despite the Iranian attack on US interests on its soil. Mr Trump added that he congratulated “Israel and Iran on having the stamina, courage and intelligence to end what should be called ‘The 12-Day War’.”
“This is a war that could have gone on for years, and destroyed the entire Middle East, but it didn’t, and never will! God bless Israel, God bless Iran, God bless the Middle East, God bless the United States of America, and God bless the world!” Mr Trump said.
In an interview with NBC News, he later said it was a “wonderful day for the world” and that he was confident the ceasefire was permanent.
“I’m very happy to have been able to get the job done,” he said.
“A lot of people were dying, and it was only going to get worse. It would have brought the whole Middle East down.”
In his first public comments since the US strikes, Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said: “We did not assault anyone, and we will never accept being assaulted by anyone.
“We will not submit to anyone’s aggression.
Qatar and the United Arab Emirates were forced to close their airspace, rerouting hundreds of flights and forcing a number of flights including a Qantas plane en route from Perth to Paris to turn around. Qatar’s leader is understood to have been involved in ceasefire talks, along with Mr Trump and his Vice President JD Vance.
Russia, which had also called for a ceasefire, labelled its partnership with Iran “unbreakable” and said its ally had a right to defend itself.
Reuters reported Mr Putin told Iran’s Foreign Minister: “The absolutely unprovoked aggression against Iran has no basis and no justification.”
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said Australia had “consistently called for dialogue, diplomacy and de-escalation” and “the safety of Australians in the region is our top priority.”
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Don’s peace deal proves too fragile, for now
Daily Telegraph | James Morrow | 25 June 2025
Not long after Donald Trump announced a US-brokered ceasefire between Israel and Iran – signed off with a jaunty “thank you for your attention to this matter!” – doubts started to creep in as to whether it was legitimate.
Various Iran-linked social media accounts disclaimed any knowledge of a deal.
Then, someone inside the Islamic republic gave the order for several deadly missile barrages to be fired against Israel well beyond the supposed deal’s deadline. At least four civilians were killed when an Iranian missile slammed into a civilian neighbourhood in Beersheba.
Not surprisingly, Israel hit back, having been given all the excuse it needed. So much for peace.
So, are the prospects for an end to the war dead?
Yes, for the moment.
But even so, consider that Trump has already accomplished something remarkable.
For decades, American presidents have said that there was no way Iran would be allowed to acquire nukes.
In 1995 Bill Clinton said: “To do nothing more as Iran continues its pursuit of nuclear weapons would be disastrous”.
Every president since mouthed some similar form of words, though none ever did much about the problem beyond sanctions. One president, Barack Obama, made things incalculably worse with his so-called “Iran deal” that let Tehran keep working on its nuclear program for (ahem) civilian purposes while also loosening sanctions, freeing up funds that were diverted to terror groups like Hamas and Hezbollah.
If the reports are accurate – and there is still the open question of whether any enriched uranium got out – Trump may have, with the help of the US Air Force, ended this problem once and for all.
The next task, ending Iran’s perpetual state of war with the world, is clearly going to be tougher.
Among other things, there remains the question of leadership. As of this writing, it is not even clear who is calling the shots in Iran.
It is not even clear whether the Ayatollah Khamenei is still alive.
And Iran is running out of moves. Even if it manages to posture with a few more rounds of missile strikes, breaking the ceasefire, Iran doesn’t have much ammo left to keep fighting.
Iran’s leadership, what’s left of it, is deeply unpopular at home and has few friends on the world stage.
Once thought to be a vital part of the new axis that also includes Russia, China, and North Korea, the mullahs are quickly discovering that there is no honour among thieves or dictators. China’s Xi Jinping has precisely zero interest in seeing the conflict widen, given that 80 per cent of his nation’s oil and gas comes through the nearby Strait of Hormuz.
Russia’s Vladimir Putin is loathe to throw in with either side of Iran’s fight with Israel, given Moscow’s close ties to Jerusalem.
Earlier this week, before a meeting with Iran’s foreign minister, Putin said the discussion “gives us a chance to … think together about how it would be possible to get out of this situation”.
North Korea? Lord knows it has enough problems of its own.
And pretty much the entire Sunni Arab world, which has no more desire to live in the shadow of a Shi’ite Iranian nuclear arsenal, would be happy to see the mullahs de-fanged if not deposed.
Qatar has lodged a diplomatic protest over Iran’s missile attack on an air base on its territory.
Internally, too, the regime is unpopular. In 2009, much to America’s great disgrace, then-president Barack Obama failed to support the so-called “Green Revolution” uprising against the Tehran regime.
Despite its vast oil and gas reserves Iran remains desperately poor (unlike nearby Gulf States) with a per capita GPD of around US$4000 per year.
Which brings up the question of regime change – something that has had a bad name since the disastrous aftermath of Saddam Hussein’s overthrow in 2003. With his deal now broken this will be a great temptation for Trump, but one which he should be wary of.
Iran’s leadership deserves to go for a million crimes, and Americans would be glad to see the back of a regime that stormed the US embassy in Tehran in 1979 and took diplomats hostage for 444 days, as well as its sponsorship of the 1983 bombing of Marine barracks in Lebanon that killed 258 servicemen and diplomats.
Yet if the regime is to collapse it should do so under its own weight: Already there are rumours that an exit is being negotiated for the ayatollahs and some sort of provisional government involving the reformist president may take charge.
Trump has been smart to balance Americans’ support for an end to the nuclear program with their worry about boots on the ground.
Whatever Iran does next, he’ll need to stay this course if he wants voters to thank him for his attention to this matter.
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Trump rebukes Israel, Iran says it will stick to truce
Canberra Times / AAP | 25 June 2025
Israel has bombed a target near Tehran despite a furious rebuke from US President Donald Trump for launching air strikes hours after agreeing to a ceasefire deal with Iran.
Trump scolded both Iran and Israel for early violations of the truce that he had announced but directed particularly stinging criticism at Israel over the scale of its strikes, telling it to “calm down now”.
He said Israel called off further attacks at his command to preserve the deal to end a 12-day air war with Iran, the biggest ever military confrontation between the Middle East arch-foes that had raised fears of global repercussions.
Following those remarks, however, two witnesses reached by telephone in the Iranian capital said they heard two loud blasts.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s office acknowledged that Israel had bombed a radar site near Tehran in what it said was retaliation for Iranian missiles fired three-and-a-half hours after the ceasefire had been due to begin.
It said Israel had decided to refrain from further attacks following a call between Netanyahu and Trump but did not explicitly say whether the strike on the radar site took place before or after they spoke.
Iran denied launching any missiles and said Israel’s attacks had continued for an hour-and-a-half beyond the time the truce was meant to start.
Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian said later that Iran would not violate the ceasefire unless Israel did so, and that it was prepared to return to the negotiating table, according to state-run Nournews.
Trump, en route to a NATO summit in Europe, had admonished Israel with an obscenity in an extraordinary early morning outburst at an ally whose air war he had joined two days before by dropping massive bunker-buster bombs on Iran’s underground nuclear sites.
“All planes will turn around and head home, while doing a friendly ‘Plane Wave’ to Iran. Nobody will be hurt, the Ceasefire is in effect!” Trump said in a post on Truth Social.
That followed a post in which he had said: “Israel. Do not drop those bombs. If you do it it is a major violation. Bring your pilots home, now!”
Before departing the White House, Trump told reporters he was unhappy with both sides for breaching the ceasefire but particularly frustrated with Israel, which he said had “unloaded” shortly after agreeing to the deal.
“I’ve got to get Israel to calm down now,” Trump said.
Iran and Israel had been fighting “so long and so hard that they don’t know what the f*** they’re doing”.
A reporter for Axios said Netanyahu had told Trump that Israel would scale back the bombing mission rather than cancel it.
Despite the initial reports of violations, in both countries there was a palpable sense of relief that a path out of war had been charted, 12 days after Israel launched it with a surprise attack, and two days after Trump joined in with strikes on Iranian nuclear targets.
“We’re happy, very happy. Who mediated or how it happened doesn’t matter. The war is over. It never should have started in the first place,” said Reza Sharifi, 38, heading back to Tehran from Rasht on the Caspian Sea, where he had relocated with his family to escape the air strikes.
Arik Daimant, a software engineer in Tel Aviv, said: “Regrettably, it’s a bit too late for me and my family, because our house back here was totally destroyed in the recent bombings last Sunday. But as they say: ‘better late than never’, and I hope this ceasefire is a new beginning.”
Speaking to reporters on board Air Force One heading to the NATO summit, Trump said he did not want to see Iran’s ruling system toppled.
“I don’t want it. I’d like to see everything calm down as quickly as possible. Regime change takes chaos and ideally we don’t want to see so much chaos,” he said.
The ceasefire came the morning after Iran responded to the US participation in the air strikes by firing a volley of missiles at the biggest U.S. military base in the Middle East, located in Qatar.
No one was hurt in that strike as the Iranian retaliation appeared to have been calibrated carefully to allow de-escalation.
Trump thanked Iran for warning the United States in advance to avoid injuries.
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Trump cornered Netanyahu and it was kind of brilliant
Canberra Times | Mark Kenny | 25 June 2025
America will always do the right thing, once it has exhausted the other options.
Wrongly attributed to Winston Churchill, this quip has chimed down the years because it so aptly conveys the raffish nature of American “dependability”.
Britain’s indefatigable wartime PM spent two years petitioning Roosevelt to bring an isolationist America to the European war, knowing it alone was key to defeating Nazi Germany.
Then, as today, the American voter had no appetite for foreign conflicts.
Israel’s Benjamin Netanyahu may now share this exasperated view of American friendship.
In the hubristic hours after America’s historic bunker-busting attack on Iran’s subterranean nuclear sites, Bibi gushed in vindication, welcoming Trump’s full-throated involvement.
Barely a day later, the Israeli found himself almost as cornered as Tehran’s mullahs when Trump insisted that both sides lay down their arms.
Whether this was always his plan – a cunning strategic manoeuvre by Trump and his military advisers – or if it merely turned out like this, almost doesn’t matter. A deep thinker Trump is not.
Yet Trump’s ceasefire is a rare kind of brilliant, and one Netanyahu, who desperately courted the B2 attack, should have thought through.
By summarily neutralising Iran’s nuclear capabilities (assuming this has been achieved with 14 “massive ordnance penetrators” and two-dozen submarine-launched cruise missiles), Trump also removed Netanyahu’s dubious “casus belli”, his singular justification for launching missiles and central excuse for continuing.
In fact, the legality of Israel’s unheralded bombardment was never there and that, in turn, made America’s “Operation Midnight Hammer” equally unlawful.
Under international law, one country can only pre-emptively defend itself from another where it has evidence that it is about to come under armed attack.
This legal prerequisite once mattered – even to an exceptionalist super power.
For all the risible dot-joining of the “sexed up” dossier proffered to the UN against Saddam Hussein’s Iraq back in 2003, there was at least an attempt by Britain and America to build a sufficient legal basis for invasion.
It is a mark of how far the international rules-based order has slipped, that neither Netanyahu nor Trump, felt any pressure to furnish evidence of Iran’s possession or imminent use of a weapon of mass destruction.
Under Trump, America has unpicked its own post-war settlement and is now embracing a new-old world order of might-is-right.
Still, what’s done cannot be undone and it has changed everything. With the first-ever deployment of the 13,000-kilogram MOPs,
Iran’s nuclear threat has been neutralised according to the President himself: “Tonight, I can report to the world that the strikes were a spectacular military success,” Trump skited from the White House on Sunday morning. “Iran’s key nuclear enrichment facilities have been completely and totally obliterated.”
Completely and totally obliterated. This also applies to continuing the war itself.
Bibi might have remembered that although America entered WWII reluctantly, come the D-Day landings launched from England in June 1944, it was Eisenhower in charge. Churchill was merely along for the ride.
Mark Kenny is The Canberra Times’ political analyst and a professor at the ANU’s Australian Studies Institute. He hosts the Democracy Sausage podcast. He writes a column every Sunday.
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Call out war crimes
Hobart Mercury | Letters | 25 June 2025
This federal Labor government continues to show the same lack of courage as always when it comes to Israel and the US.
The Prime Minister and Foreign Minister hold a press conference to defend the indefensible on the military bombardment of Iran – an act of aggression that does not adhere to international law according to respected analysts.
Our government refuses to be transparent about the role US bases on our soil are playing in these strikes.
Why shouldn’t the Australian people know? Jacqui Lambie is brave enough to call out our unquestioning support of a reckless US President and his enabler Netanyahu who is charged with war crimes.
Never has the Prime Minister or the Foreign Minister held a press conference to call out the war crimes of Israel as judged by the International Criminal Court for their killing of over 60,000 people; for deliberately starving, as I write, over 2 million people in Gaza and the entire destruction of Gaza.
Abandoning Labor is no longer complicated.
Peta Fitzgibbon, Sandy Bay
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